![]() A variety of available drive systems, including transgenic, natural, and chromosome rearrangements, is reviewed elsewhere (Burt 2014, Marshall and Akbari 2016). 2015), although not all invasive factors have attracted as much attention. The biology, risks, and uses of the most recently devised CRISPR/Cas9 system have been highlighted (Esvelt et al. 2010) and class II transposable elements (Kidwell and Ribeiro 1992). 2014) Medea, including synthetic variants, for population replacement (Hay et al. 2016) “Y-drive” for population suppression (Bernardini et al. 2015) and include nuclease-based gene drive systems (Gantz et al. Driving transgenes have been identified as candidates for control of pests and disease (Burt 2003, Sinkins and Gould 2006, Deredec et al. We give specific examples of efforts to modify mosquitoes for mosquito-borne disease control, but similar considerations are relevant to other arthropods that are important to human health, the environment, and agriculture.ĭ riving transgenes are synthetic genes that have the capacity to spread in natural populations even if they confer a fitness cost. In this study, we focus on insects containing such factors with recommendations for investigators who are creating them, institutional biosafety committees charged with ensuring safety, funding agencies providing support, those managing insectaries handling these materials who are responsible for containment, and other persons who will be receiving insects-transgenic or not-from these facilities. In addition to providing physical containment, invasive genetic factors require greater attention to strain management, including their distribution and identity confirmation. ![]() The potential of invasive genetic factors to increase their number in natural populations presents challenges that require additional safety measures not provided by previous recommendations regarding accidental release of arthropods. In this article, we discuss driving transgenes and invasive genetic factors that can potentially spread after their introduction into a small proportion of individuals in a population. ![]() ![]() Versatile molecular tools for creating driving transgenes and other invasive genetic factors present regulatory, ethical, and environmental challenges that should be addressed to ensure their safe use. ![]()
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